The European Central Bank's relationship to the national governments of the monetary union was modeled as a contest between fiscal and monetary dominance early in the euro crisis (Buiter 2010, drawing on Sargent and Wallace 1981). This paper shows how strategic behavior helped to shape the...

In recent years, many money and repo rates in the United States have been between zero and 25 basis points. As Fed's liftoff approaches, the question of the level of these rates (and the markets that determine them) becomes increasingly important. The paper discusses (i) whether the Fed can...

This paper focuses on how changes in financial plumbing of the markets may impact themonetary policy options as central banks contemplate lift off from zero lower bound (ZLB). Under the proposed regulations, banks will face leverage ratio constraints. As a result of quantitative easing (QE),...

This paper uses recently released official data on the foreign exchange market interventions of the Bank of Japan (BoJ) in the yen/U.S. dollar market during the period 1991-2001 in order to examine the motivation for the intervention policy of the BoJ. We also compare the intervention policy of...

Central banks actively engage in sterilized foreign exchange market intervention despite numerous empirical studies indicating that these operations do not systematically affect the exchange rate. Are these policies misguided and central bankers irrational? Or is evidence showing the...

Just over three years after enacting a Minimum Exchange Rate policy for the Swiss Franc vs. Euro (EUR/CHF), the Swiss National Bank (SNB) removed it in a surprise announcement on January 15, 2015. The announcement shocked the FX market — EUR/CHF dropped 25.5 percent in the minutes that...

In this paper we investigate the price, volatility and micro-level effects of central bank swap lines during the 2020 pandemic. These policies lowered the ceiling on covered interest rate parity violations and reduced volatility following settlement of swap line auctions. We then combine...

In this paper we study the macroeconomic effects of introducing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). Using a two agent framework and endowment economy with banked and unbanked households, we show digital currencies address financial inclusion of the unbanked, by providing a savings...

This paper analyzes whether and how central banks can use currency options to lower exchange rate volatility and maintain (implicit) target zones in foreign exchange markets. It argues that selling rather than buying options will result in market makers dynamically hedging their long option...

Blockchain technology has opened up the possibility of digital currency, smart contracts and much more applications including the launch of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). However, literature about the effect of CBDC with the presence of cryptocurrency for an emerging market economy...