This text defends the hypothesis that the specialisation in sugar production from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century led to a persistent decline in the welfare of the poorest Puerto Rican population due to the need to reduce production costs. On the other hand,...

New estimates of the cost of living and of the wages in Palencia are presented in order to evaluate the effects of the agrarian capitalism in Castillian working class’ real income from 1751 to 1861. I obtained both prices (incluiding rents) and wages (earned by bricklayers and agricultural...

this paper proposes several indicators for income distribution derived from the height of individuals. From the study of these indicators, we can conclude that the economic backwardness that zamora suffered led a further deterioration of living standards compared to other more economically...