Although the leaf-thin bracteates are the most fragile coins in monetary history, they were the main coin type for … monetary taxation policy. Medieval coins were frequently withdrawn by the coin issuer and re-minted, where people had to pay an …

In medieval Europe, old coins were frequently declared invalid and exchanged for new ones at fixed rates and dates … what one would expect from the theory of short-lived coins. Economic backwardness, limited monetization of society and …-coinage more difficult. and bracteates were replaced by long-lived two-faced coins in 1290. With an end to re-coinage, the Swedish …

the parameters of the wear process from a sample of coins whose age is unknown. The method performs well on the hoard data …

be replaced by round bronze coins that were supplemented by uncoined gold and silver bullion; whereas in the Greco …-Roman world, precious-metal coins dominated from the start, initially in the form of silver coins that were increasingly … accompanied and eventually eclipsed by gold issues. The question of which factors determined the value of these coins has been …