El sistema Colombiano de pensiones ha sido ajustado con la Ley 100 de 1993; la Ley 797/2003; las Leyes 168 y 712 de 2003; y el Acto Legislativo 01 de 2005. Gracias a estos ajustes la deuda a cargo de la nación se redujo de cerca del 270% al 114% del PIB. Sin embargo, el sistema colombiano presenta dos...

Al ocuparse de las compensaciones fiscales a municipios que tienen áreas de conservación en su territorio, se presentará el caso del IVA "ecológico" (ICMS-E) que se aplica en algunos estados de la unión brasilera. Este fue el primer instrumento económico para remunerar los servicios...

In March 2020, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) launched a “Cannabis Initiative” with the purpose of issuing “guidelines/manual of good practices on the international drug control requirements for the cultivation, manufacture and utilization of cannabis for medical and...

In this paper we incorporate interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioral and Political Sciences), and suggest a framework for analysis of mechanisms of governance of agro-ecosystem services. Firstly, we...

Much of the guidance about potential impacts of reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) speculates how efforts would be implemented and draws lessons from other mechanisms, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES). However, with few REDD activities underway, little...

Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards Zero Carbon and Energy Transition, Second Edition, examines progress in decentralization across the European Union (EU), with each chapter focusing on developments and innovations in a specific country. Sections provide an overview of...

This paper incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics and suggests a holistic framework for analysis of management agro-ecosystem services. That new approach for analyses and assessment of management of agro-ecosystem services includes: definition of the...

Much of the guidance about potential impacts of reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) speculates how efforts would be implemented and draws lessons from other mechanisms, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES). However, with few REDD activities underway, little...

This paper incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics and suggests a holistic framework for analysis of management agro-ecosystem services. That new approach for analyses and assessment of management of agro-ecosystem services includes: definition of the...

The emergence of China as a significant economic force in Latin America has sparked both optimism and alarm. With titles such as 'The Coming China Wars' and 'The Dragon in the Backyard,' recent books and articles depict China as a rising imperial power scouring the globe for natural resources...