The objective in this paper is to suggest an alternative method of estimating farmer-specific and input-specific allocative efficiency, taking into account the influence of the methods of application of inputs on output. Further, we compare the proposed measures with those calculated based on...

In the literature, technical efficiency is measured as the ratio of observed output to potential output. Although there is no a priori theoretical reasoning, in the stochastic framework of measuring technical efficiency, the potential output is defined as a neutral shift from the observed...

Studies, which have discussed some of the important issues concerning the measurement of trade costs, have conceded that the literature is still in the early stages of understanding and measuring what the real costs are. It is in this context, decomposing trade costs into ‘natural’ costs,...

There is an urgent need to mainstream the key challenges of climate change into sector and development planning and decision making processes to create sustainable long-term development. Mainstreaming is seen as making more efficient and effective use of financial and human resources. It is...