equilibrium model of trade that incorporates bilateral "ice-berg" trade costs. The model results in a gravity equation from which … historical factors like distance and colonial linkages but also by tariffs and free trade agreements …International trade costs are of vital importance because they determine trade patterns and therefore economic …

This paper explores the effects of distance as well as subnational and national borders on international and … distance effects increase over time for the same-age citations. This increasing effect of borders and distance is associated … with strengthened knowledge agglomeration over time. Nevertheless, both border and distance effects decrease with the age …

globalization over time, since the definition of trade partners varies over time. We document a sizeable resulting accounting …The fact that crossing a political border dramatically reduces trade flows has been widely documented in the literature …. The increasing number of borders has surprisingly attracted much less attention. The number of independent countries has …

preferential trade agreements from the perspective of the LDCs. An econometric exercise using an extended version of ARTNeT gravity …This chapter studies interlinkages and interaction between the reciprocal trade liberalization through the WTO and …’ trade. …

different approaches available to the LDCs and their partners in improving their developmental prospects through enhanced trade …. The monograph starts with the presentation of trade related data of the 14 LDCs in Asia and the Pacific and the linkage … between trade and economic development. Then the problematique of market access is analyzed, followed by a study of the …

Gravity model explanations of trade volumes frequently include dummy variables to account for the commonality of … first language or English as a second language (Crystal, 1997) as an indicator of the ease with which trade with the United … bilateral trade with 33 countries to determine the effect of the degree of language commonality on bilateral trade. Both English …

We introduce a measure of language difficulty called "linguistic distance" into a modified gravity model to determine … gravity model variables, we find that the further a country�s primary language is from English, the lower trade will be … whether the fact that a language is further away from English affects the level of trade. Our sample of 36 non …

This paper presents a framework for estimating and simulating a quantitative spatial model of trade and violence. In … estimating a structural gravity equation of violence. Studying continental Africa over the period 1997 to 2023, we test the key …

This paper examines the interactive effect of distance and trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect … of geographic distance depends on trade, while the effect of trade varies with geographic distance. Trade reduces …

the gravity model find distance effects to be increasing rather than decreasing. We investigate countries' openness to … obtained with log-linear models of bilateral trade, distance effects (remoteness and land area) have declined over time. Trade …Technical progress can be expected to reduce transport costs over time, yet most studies of bilateral trade based on …