This article shows that in the presence of environmental externalities, it may be welfare enhancing to overcome a …

This article shows that in the presence of environmental externalities, it may be welfare enhancing to overcome a … effects. -- environmental externalities ; network effects ; private transport ; technological change …

increases in service frequency reduce road traffic externalities. We exploit differences in service frequency growth by …

gasoline tax (2006 US$) would be economically efficient, compared with the current subsidy of $1.20 per gallon. Removal of the … existing subsidy alone would achieve about three-quarters of the net benefits from subsidy elimination and the tax. Per …-mile tolls could target congestion and accident externalities more efficiently than fuel taxes, although they are not practical …

Urban transportation externalities are a key development challenge. Based on the existing literature, the authors … externalities. Land-use or urban planning, and infrastructure investment, could also contribute to reducing externalities; but they …. Multiple policy options need to be used simultaneously to reduce effectively the different externalities arising from urban …