From an empirical perspective, this paper critically examines the concepts of returns to scale (RTS) and economies of scale (EOS), and argues that the concept of EOS is more relevant and broader enough to exhibit proper scale economies behavior of firms. Two approaches, i.e., production function...

When benchmarking production units by non-parametric methods like data envelopment analysis (DEA), an assumption has to be made about the returns to scale of the underlying technology. Moreover, it is often also relevant to compare the frontiers across samples of producers. Until now, no exact...

In performance analysis with tools such as data envelopment analysis, calculations of scale properties of the frontier points are studied using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. When the production process is a bit complicated, the calculation needs to be modifed. Most existing...

This paper provides radial measurements of efficiency for the production process possessing multi-components under different production technologies. Our approach is based on the construction of various empirical production possibility sets. Then we propose a procedure that is unaffected...