-scale randomized control evaluation in Punjab, Pakistan of a reform designed to address this problem. The reform affects healthcare for … doctor attendance. The scale of the experiment permits an investigation into the mechanisms underlying this result. We find …

-scale randomized control evaluation in Punjab, Pakistan of a reform designed to address this problem. The reform affects healthcare for … doctor attendance. The scale of the experiment permits an investigation into the mechanisms underlying this result. We find …

that politicians provide public jobs with limited work requirements as patronage. We test this patronage hypothesis in … Pakistan using: (i) a randomized controlled evaluation of a novel smartphone absence monitoring technology; (ii) data on … election outcomes in the 240 constituencies where the experiment took place; (iii) attendance recorded during unannounced …

-profile occupational group from a political economics perspective. We analyze how political partisanship, political patronage after changes … selection of public servants has on senior official employment. We find some evidence for political patronage. …

largest recruitment in the past decade, due in part to the interplay of informal institutions such as political clientelism …

large determinant of employment in public organizations, for both bureaucrats and frontline providers. Second, patronage is …