We examine the global financial crisis (GFC), European sovereign debt crisis (SDC), gold market crash (GMC), and COVID-19 crisis to determine whether exchange rates similarly impacted gold prices during crises between May 2007 and May 2021. We find the following: (1) Exchange rates predominantly...

The paper analyzes how Japanese group farming organizations have developed since World War II. In post-war Japanese agriculture, part-time farmers are increasing, and heirs and successors to the older farmers are leaving farms and rural areas as a consequence of rapid industrialization. About...