Although the leaf-thin bracteates are the most fragile coins in monetary history, they were the main coin type for … monetary taxation policy. Medieval coins were frequently withdrawn by the coin issuer and re-minted, where people had to pay an …

In medieval Europe, old coins were frequently declared invalid and exchanged for new ones at fixed rates and dates … what one would expect from the theory of short-lived coins. Economic backwardness, limited monetization of society and …-coinage more difficult. and bracteates were replaced by long-lived two-faced coins in 1290. With an end to re-coinage, the Swedish …

According to estimates using the seasonal method, the volume of euro coins held for transaction purposes in Germany in … Bundesbank) euro coins in circulation. 76% of the total volume of coins held for transaction purposes was accounted for by €1 and … €2 coins. Only in the case of €2 coins has the cash stock held for transaction purposes made a significant contribution …