The adoption of takeover protections, from the empirical side, has been focused to find supporting evidence to the entrenchment hypothesis or to the shareholder value hypothesis. The expected result is a negative impact on shareholder wealth when decisions for additional takeover defenses are...

In the UK, the top executive remuneration policy is not geared towards the creation of value but compensation revisions are rather driven by changes in corporate size, measured by sales growth. This suggests that managing larger firms requires special managerial skills. Even in UK companies with...

Based on the optimal board independence theory, we analyze how Spanish listed firms determine the presence of genuine and gray independent directors. We classify independents as gray whenever they do not satisfy formal independence requirements. Given the findings in previous literature, this...