The articles deals with unilateralism and multilateralism in European Private International Law. It provides an overview of the historical development and looks at trends in current national and international legal systems. It argues that, in Europe, multilateralism has by and large prevailed...

The interaction of investment treaty law with European law is a growing concern not only for policy makers but also for investors and arbitral tribunals, especially in the energy sector. This paper sketches the existing and potential legal problems between the regimes with the aim of drawing...

On September 9, 2008, the European Court of Justice dismissed the appeals by two Italian companies – FIAMM Spa and Giorgio Fedon & Figli Spa – seeking compensation for damages suffered as a consequence of the US increased custom duties authorised by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in...

This contribution analyses the relationship between international law and Community law in the light of two recent European Court of Justice (ECJ) cases on Article 307 EC, that is, the Kadi and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) judgments. The analysis discusses two concepts: (1) the concept...