Soaring real estate prices and valuations despite the economic downturn brought by the pandemic have focussed the attention of Dutch policymakers on potential macro-financial and socio-economic implications. In this context, our paper reviews the salient features of Dutch commercial and...

Dutch financial institutions are exposed to the effects of climate change through both physical and transition risks. Physical risks are mostly represented by flood risk while transition risks are primarily driven by the structure of the Dutch economy, including a significant exposure to...

European Union countries offer a unique experience of financial regulatory and supervisory integration, complementing various other European integration efforts following the second world war. Financial regulatory and supervisory integration was a very slow process before 2008, despite...

Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean now publish financial stability reports. They use FSRs as a tool for financial surveillance and communication. This study reviews their latest issues to assess their content, quality, and transparency, and the extent to which the country's...

Based on technical assistance to central banks by the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department and Information Technology Department, this paper examines fintech and the related area of cybersecurity from the perspective of central bank risk management. The paper draws on findings from the...