introduction of the smallpox vaccine in Sweden to identify the causal effect of early-life mortality on fertility. Our analysis … shows that parishes in counties with higher levels of smallpox mortality prior to the introduction of vaccination … experienced greater declines in infant mortality afterwards. Exploiting this finding in an instrumental-variable approach reveals …

administrative vital statistics, we find that birth control clinics accounted for 5.0-7.8% of the overall fertility decline until … infant mortality. The effect of birth control clinics on puerperal deaths is consistently negative, yet insignificant …

administrative vital statistics, we find that birth control clinics accounted for 5.0-7.8% of the overall fertility decline until … infant mortality. The effect of birth control clinics on puerperal deaths is consistently negative, yet insignificant …

capita and child mortality on fertility rates are non-robust and inconsistent with the predictions of the unified growth …A consensus among social scientists is that fertility rates in Africa are declining. What determines these declines? I … present fresh evidence that shows education, especially for women, is an important determinant of the fertility transition in …

mortality, fertility rate and female education. We show that reduction in child mortality is best predicted by the level of GDP … in a country over the preceding 5 years. Fertility rate decreases when current or predicted child mortality is low, and … is weakly dependent on female education and economic growth. As fertility drops, GDP increases producing a cycle that …