In a longitudinal study of top US executives between 1996 and 2006, we examined the impact of underwater stock options on voluntary turnover. We took a multi-disciplinary perspective, which recognizes the financial and economic logic suggesting that while underwater options may carry a positive...

Research suggests that certain personality characteristics lead to greater (or lesser) withdrawal from work, yet little research has examined exactly how personality translates into withdrawal behavior. To address this question, the present study demonstrated that the approach-avoidance...

Stock based rewards are often used to motivate high-level managers to take actions to increase the stock price of the firm. However, numerous constraints may weaken the perceived link between individual effort and stock price appreciation for many recipients. This study introduces a new...