. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … prescriptions of about 93.2% (Austria) and 64.8% (Denmark). Further evidence suggests that these parenthood penalties in mental …. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also …

imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … prescriptions of about 93.2% (Austria) and 64.8% (Denmark). These parenthood penalties in mental health are unlikely to reflect … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher …

imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … prescriptions of about 93.2% (Austria) and 64.8% (Denmark). These parenthood penalties in mental health are unlikely to reflect … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher …

mothers in Germany. While mothers using center-based care spend significantly less time in the presence of their child, we … relatively small or zero. The pattern of results is more pronounced for lower education mothers. The lack of large decreases in … activities are explained by two factors: (i) that center care replaces time that parents spend with the child but are doing other …

Parents spend considerable time and resources investing in their children's development. Given evidence that the Earned …

Parents spend considerable sums investing in their children's development, with their own time among the most important … are concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers, especially those that are unmarried. Results are also most … apparent for mothers of young children. Altogether, our results suggest that the increased work associated with EITC expansions …

-provided childcare helps young parents (especially young mothers) overcome the negative effects of child rearing on their labor market …