Multilevel or mixed effects models are commonly applied to hierarchical data; for example, see Goldstein (2003), Raudenbush and Bryk (2002), and Laird and Ware (1982). Although there exist many outputs from such an analysis, the level-2 residuals, otherwise known as random effects, are often of...

The purpose of this paper is the presentation of distribution theory for generic estimators based on the pairwise comparison of observations in problems where identification is achieved through the use of control functions. The controls can be specified semi- or non-parametrically. The criterion...

The purpose of this paper is the presentation of distribution theory for generic estimators based on the pairwise comparison of observations in problems where identification is achieved through the use of control functions. The controls can be specified semi- or non-parametrically. The criterion...