This paper studies the effect of trade openness on output volatility. We find that trade openness generally increased … we split the sample into developed and developing countries, we observe that more openness increased volatility in … increased volatility in less developed countries. Part of the positive relation between openness and volatility may be explained …

The results of empirical studies on the 1980 Turkish economic reform programme frequently suggest that openness has a … positive impact on growth in Turkey. However, the results of empirical literature on the relationship between openness and … growth have always been under criticism for using openness variables,which are not objective measures of openness, involve …

implications of trade openness. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between trade openness and government …-run linkage between trade openness and government expenditure of all the ASEAN-4 countries under study. This means that government …