This paper examines the separate productive impacts of direct and indirect exporting to further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying learning‐by‐exporting effects by utilizing a method that allows us to check the robustness of the results to the selection on unobservables. We found...

In this paper, we analyze BRICS countries' long-term exchange rate market efficiency. Our analysis, using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) for the 2009-2021 period, shows considerable differences in the exchange rate efficiency of BRICS countries, with South Africa the most...