Some of the most widely used models in economics are based on variables not yet observed, and their specification depends on future observations; the theory that underpins these delivers the backward/ forward solution. We present a newly unified construction, starting with a more general...

Economic models that incorporate expectations require non causal time series theory. We provide a general method useful to solve in closed form any forward linear rational expectations multivariate model. An anticipative VARMA model is likely to explain a behavioral relation were a tentative...

Manufacturing exhibits nonlinear trends in production levels, one being an active state and the other a passive state. We use a Markov model to estimate these two states, which are tied to United States imports of Mexican products. A regression is made in order to estimate whether there is an...