China became the world's largest lender to emerging and developing economies over the past decade. At the same time, concerns on the debt sustainability of many of these countries have grown. Some countries have found themselves struggling to repay their loans and China has had to renegotiate...

China is by far the world's largest consumer of primary energy. Its vast energy demands are a leading issue for global energy use, driving pollution trends and prices on commodity markets. Despite huge increases in non-fossil capacity from nuclear and renewables, China still burns tremendous...

Kiinassa kiinteistösektori ja rakentaminen toimivat talouskasvun vetureina viime vuosikymmenellä ja niiden merkitys taloudelle kasvoi poikkeuksellisen suureksi. Kasvu oli kuitenkin erittäin velkavetoista ja etenkin rakentajien velkatasot nousivat korkeiksi. Kun viranomaiset kiristivät...

China's real estate and construction sector has served as a major engine of economic growth in recent decades and the sector now plays an oversized role in the economy. Much of that growth has been debt-fuelled, with the indebtedness of developers climbing to unprecedented levels. After...

This policy brief provides an overview of Finland's dependency on imports from China in both a national and EU context. As trade figures based on value added only provide a rough notion of China's contribution to final consumption, we also consider import dependence from the goods imports...

This paper utilizes available aggregate country-level data, as well as bilateral trade and investment data, to identify signs of fragmentation in trade and investment patterns among ten major trading countries or regional trading blocks. We compare the trade and investment trends in the years...

We use business survey data collected by the People's Bank of China for inflation forecast-ing. Some survey indicators lead to enhanced forecasting performance relative to the uni-variate benchmark model, especially for a period of moderate inflation. However, the esti-mated models do not do a...