true long run marginal cost of production. The result has applications both to the theory of calculating efficient prices … under cost-based regulation and to the theory of how for-profit firms use accounting data to organize and guide their …

How does an increase in unionization costs, i.e. costs which arise when workers are organized by a union, affect the … unionization, heterogeneous firms as well as free market entry/exit. If unionization costs are relatively low (high), we find that … an increase in these costs decreases (increases) average productivity and welfare decreases (increases). Additionally, we …

decision theory to more fully explain both why the conventional law focuses on minimizing the risk of false-positive outcomes … and why the modern law should be crafted to minimize total probate-error risk. Decision theory suggests that, to identify … the proper goal of a decision-making process, one must compare the error costs of false-positive outcomes and false …

traditional studies, considering mainly investment and production costs, external costs must be taken into account when making a … feasibility study of a new power plant on a new country energy mix. Consideration of external costs is also crucial for efficient … external costs shows us the way to evaluate energy systems with inclusion of all environmental and social costs generated in …

The New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC), driven by unit labor costs has been criticized for failing to match inflation … the fit of the NKPC, by introducing a fuller marginal cost proxy, "unit total costs", that is derived from both labor and … non-labor unit costs; the latter includes capital-related costs and production taxes. Borrowing costs are examined …

Japanese firms operating in both their home countries and emerging economies. About the cost structure, costs depending on … quantity and quality(named gproduction costs h) and those depending only on quality (named gR&D costs h) are discussed. With … production and R&D costs, three types of costs are examined. Type 1 costs have no R&D costs. Type 2 costs have both, and R …

Our paper provides a comprehensive report of empirical research on tax compliance costs. Compared to previous reviews …, our focus is on average costs for sub-groups (individual taxpayers, small businesses, large businesses) and the … composition of the cost burden with regards to different cost components (in-house time effort, external adviser costs, other …