Investment (FDI). The conventional proximity-concentration theory suggests that FDI substitutes for trade if distance between …

This paper compares various estimation methods often used in the estimation of gravity models of international trade …. The authors first discuss different structural and consistent estimation techniques, their underlying assumptions and … empirical methodologies. They focus on a comparison of the distance and border effects across estimation techniques. For the …

For the estimation of structural gravity models using PPML with countrypair, exportertime and importer-time effects it …