Can the intensification of the asymmetric commercial relationships between China and Brazil explain the early deindustrialization in Brazil? In this paper it will be shown that it is not economic openness what leads towards deindustrialization, low productivity, or reduced added value, but the...

The paper estimates a conditional ß-convergence model of labor productivity growth in Italy's manufacturing industry during 1871-1911, accounting for spatial dependence. The empirical evidence is based on a recent set of data at provincial (NUTS 3) level on manufacturing value added at 1911...