We examine whether institutional investors with short-term incentives affect firms' innovation performance. We find that firms with a greater concentration of transient and quasi-indexer institutional investors are associated with lower innovation performance, as measured by patents and...

This paper offers an economic rationale for compulsory licensing of needed medicines in developing countries. The patent system is based on a trade-off between the “deadweight losses†caused by market power and the incentive to innovate created by increased profits from monopoly...

Inflated credit ratings temporarily reduce the cost of debt and mitigate the impact of the tax avoidance risk premium. Consistent with this, we show that rating inflation is positively related to future tax avoidance, particularly for firms with less intense debtholder monitoring. The relation...

We analyze how Dodd-Frank mandated risk retention affects the information investors extract from issuers' retention choices in the CMBS market. We show that the required retention level is both binding and stringent. Although this implies issuers cannot signal using the level of retention, we...

We analyze the entry of new credit rating agencies into structured finance products. Our setting is unique as we study a period in which the incumbents' reputation was extremely poor and the benefit of more fee income from inflating ratings was low. We find entrants cater to issuers by issuing...