Foreign investors' fear of expropriation led to the emergence of the idea of new ways of protection and adequate treatment of foreign investments on the international level. Primarily, the home countries wanted to protect their interests and became the main proponents of the creation of...

While there is an extensive amount of literature on the noodle bowl of agreements in Asia, the majority of studies exclusively focus on trade (in goods). So far, little emphasis has been placed on the proliferation of international investment treaties (IIAs). Given the significance of IIAs, it...

We argue that the trend toward international investment agreements (IIAs) with stricter investment rules is driven by competitive diffusion, namely defensive moves of developing countries concerned about foreign direct investment (FDI) diversion in favor of competing host countries. Accounting...

The paper analyzes systematic patterns of investment treaty rule-making using a large sample of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Focusing on national treatment and transfer provisions, it finds that BITs signed between two developing countries are typically less wide-ranging than...

The most remarkable evolution in the field of international investment law is undoubtedly the massive proliferation of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), either in the form of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) of Custom Unions (CUs). PTAs increasingly, as...

International investment agreements (IIAs) almost universally define their temporal validity and thus set conditions for States' exit from these treaties.This study presents the results of the survey of language that determines the temporal validity of 2,061 bilateral investment agreements that...

This article is part 2 of a series on Rule of Law as it relates to international investment issues. The article describes how the system of bilateral investment treaties and other international investment agreements have created a form of rule of law to protect foreign investors against certain...

When a state expropriates a foreign investment in violation of a bilateral or other treaty on investment protection and a foreign investor sues, where should a tribunal look for the standard of compensation -- to the amount specified in the treaty, to an external standard for violations of...