Economic sanctions are a very important topic in the present international relations but also very common headlines in the daily news. At the present time, they become an increasingly prevalent measure for disciplining states’ unacceptable behaviour by a ban on trade and disruption of...

Cyber espionage has become a common method for states to gather confidential information in cyberspace. The vast interconnectedness of the Internet provides a target-rich environment for states to engage in low-risk collection of large amounts of data at an unprecedented speed and scale. Cyber...

The chapter analyses the scope of protection for creditor claims in international law. This chapter reviews some of the decisions of international courts and tribunals on creditor claims, and indicates general tendencies on the protection of creditor claims in international law. The first part...