Blockchain-based NFTs (non-fungible tokens) are uniquely identifiable digital representations of physical or digital items. Usually, the tokens are indivisible into smaller units. NFTs represent structured metadata referring to physical or digital objects. The tokens act as separate identifier...

The internet is the digital reincarnation of a Greek agora or a Roman forum. It works as a "place" for public and private life. As such, it requires reliable, trustful rules to govern the daily routine of its visitors/users. The governance of the internet has gone through a significant (if not...

In the past decades due to changed technical advances, features of the personality have become economically exploitable to an extent not previously known. Pop stars, TV celebrities as well as famous athletes have sought protection against the commercial use of their images, names and likenesses...

The Court of Justice of the European Union published its much awaited preliminary ruling in Case C-263/18, Nederlands Uitgeversverbond and Groep Algemene Uitgevers (the Tom Kabinet case) in December 2019. In its UsedSoft ruling (Case C-128/11), the CJEU accepted the exhaustion of distribution...

Problems associated with the doctrine of exhaustion have grown concurrently with the emergence of digital technologies, in particular with development of the internet. The question as to whether the doctrine of exhaustion is applicable to digital files has become pressing since shortly after...

The Hungárián Copyright Act (HCA) includes a separate chapter on the terms of license (“use”) contracts. The provisions of the HCA serve as lex speciális against the background of general and special rules of contract law codified by the Hungarian Civil Code (HCC). From a historical point...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a part of our daily life, and “algorithmic creativity” and the protection of it by copyright law has similarly gained a spotlight recently. This article collects the key arguments against the proposal of such protection. The core elements of copyright...

In the platform age, copyright-protected contents are primarily disseminated over the internet. This model poses various challenges to the copyright regime that was mainly designed in and for the analog age. One of these challenges is related to the fair balance between the interests of...

This case review introduces the preliminary ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the VG Bild-Kunst v Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz case. The CJEU ruled that framing thumbnails in circumvention of effective technological protection measures is an act communication...