Do reductions in arrests increase crime? We study line-of-duty deaths of police officers, events that likely impact … police behavior through increased fear but are unlikely to directly impact civilian behavior. Officer deaths cause …

Do collective bargaining rights for law enforcement result in more civilian deaths at the hands of the police? Using an … event-study design, we find that the introduction of duty to bargain requirements with police unions has led to a … significant increase in non-white civilian deaths at the hands of police during the late twentieth century. We find no impact on …

, notable inequities remain after accounting for such factors. These disparities are concentrated in traffic stops. A notable …