A new multi-layer artificial neural network learning algorithm based on pattern search method is proposed. The learning model is designed to provide a very simple and effective means of searching the minima of objective function of a multi-layer neural network directly without any knowledge of...

This study aims to examine the impact of unbundling regulation (vertical separation) on incentives for pipeline investment. Recently, the Japanese government has decided to institute vertical separation of natural gas companies. Major existing natural gas companies, called incumbents, will be...

The EU is a unique supranational actor in international relations. The development of the EU itself started with issues regarding energy. Through several historical steps, current energy policy is constructed. Gradually it put an importance on its external dimension. Since the Lisbon Treaty...