We model the new quantitative aspects of market risk management for banks that Basel established in 2016 and came into effect in January 2019. Market risk is measured by Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) or Expected Shortfall at a confidence level of 97.5%. The regulatory backtest remains largely...

Our data, relating to a period of extreme market turmoil, show typical leptokurtosis and skewness, leading us to consider the skewed exponential power distribution of Fernández et al. (1995), referred to as the SEP3. We demonstrate that the conditional forecasting of VaR and CVaR, made up of a...

We demonstrate how a mixture of two SEP3 densities (skewed exponential power distribution of Fernández et al., 1995) can model the conditional forecasting of VaR and CVaR to efficiently cover market risk at regulatory levels of 1% and 2.5%, as well as at the additional 5% level. Our data...

We study a class of backtests for forecast distributions in which the test statistic is a spectral transformation that weights exceedance events by a function of the modeled probability level. The choice of the kernel function makes explicit the user's priorities for model performance. The class...

EU legislators mandated the European Banking Authority to propose a stress scenario methodology for capitalising non-modellable risk factors (NMRF) as foreseen under the Basel Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) rules for market risk. In this paper, we present the foundations of such a...

In line with regulations and common risk management practice, the credit risk of a portfolio is managed via its potential future exposures (PFEs), expected exposures (EEs), and related measures, the expected positive exposure (EPE), effective expected exposure (EEE), and the effective expected...

The US dollar is the most widely held currency in the world. In recent years, however, it suffered huge depreciation. In this paper, various risk models are used to forecast the Value-at-Risk (VaR) in holding the currency. Being a quantile measure, VaR disregards valuable information conveyed by...