The acceleration of great-power competition is leading most major powers to become increasingly concerned about the security risks that economic interdependence poses for state autonomy. This tendency can be seen in the EU’s efforts to develop its ‘open strategic autonomy’, the United...

In response to the crisis of the welfare state model in the 1980s, governments in Latin America began restructuring social policy to emphasize poverty alleviation and targeted social programs specifically designed to promote the increased participation of the poor and other private actors in...

Recent developments suggest that the international economic order is transitioning away from the Neoliberal Order that has flourished for much of the post-Cold War period toward a new Geoeconomic Order. The shift to this new order, which is characterised by a growing ‘securitisation of...

Drawing on cases from the realm of International Economic Law (IEL), the present article argues that transgovernmental networks that engage in lawmaking induce a hierarchy among states; in this hierarchy, developing countries tend to be placed in a position that is less favorable than if the...

The article examines an initiative promoted in the area of intellectual property rights (IPRs) by the World Customs Organization (WCO), the "SECURE" best practices on customs measures in the area of IPRs. It is argued that this WCO lawmaking initiative represents a unique case of forum shopping,...

Brazil only recently joined the collection of states that have adopted international investment agreements (IIAs), but in doing so it developed a noteworthy approach in the form of the Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreement (CFIA). In this essay, we explore the characteristics and...

Brazil has traditionally been one of the only major economies never to have committed to an international investment agreement, an area of global policy dominated by a specific type of agreement, the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). This country changed its traditional stance only recently,...

A clash of economic models with the potential to disrupt international economic law is emerging in the wake of China’s increasing global presence. At the center of this clash of models is the claim that China introduces a ‘geoeconomic’ element to economic relations, while others follow a...

WTO discussions on investment facilitation have drawn attention to an issue that directly contributes to improving domestic governance, without reviving the negative experience of past multilateral investment discussions. This Perspective advances this conversation with elements from the...