Europe’s banking system is weighed down by high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs), which are holding down credit growth and economic activity. This discussion note uses a new survey of European country authorities and banks to examine the structural obstacles that discourage banks from...

When the debt of firms in distress is dispersed, a restructuring agreement is difficult to reach because of free riding. We develop a repeated game in which banks come across each other frequently, allowing them to threaten a punishment in case of free riding. As the number of lending banks...

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the determinants of risk-taking in the context of Islamic and conventional microfinance institutions (MFIs) while considering the capital structure’s role in moderating the risk-taking decisions’ effect on financial performance. Fixed and Random...