This paper considers how the structure of an open economy determines its flexibility in responding to external shocks. Inter- and intrasectoral reallocation of both expenditures and factors of production are shown to mitigate the consequences of a severe terms-of-trade shock. We demonstrate that...

This paper analyzes income and consumption risk resulting from fluctuations in the terms-of-trade in a small open economy when factors can be reallocated after incurring a fixed cost. This fixed cost of relocation across sectors introduces partial labor mobility and sector-specific uncertainty....

This report has two objectives: 1. Review the available literature on Climate-Related Financial Stability Risks (CRFSRs) as it pertains to the United States. Specifically, the literature review considers several modeling approaches and aims to 1.1 Identify financial market vulnerabilities (e.g.,...

This article reviews the rapidly proliferating economic literature on climate change and financial policy. We find: (1) enduring challenges in estimating the statistical properties of a changed climate; (2) emerging evidence of financial markets pricing in climate-related risks; and (3) a range...