, economies of scale, and have been heavily protected from international competition in Portugal and Spain. The `costs of non …

Spain. The view that EC membership is desirable because it ensures Portugal against dictatorship is also examined and … two "integration episodes", the development of an economic union between Portugal and its African colonies and the … establishment of democratic socialism since then. The paper contrasts the recent economic experience of Portugal with its neighbour …

When the 1987 general elections brought a durable government to Portugal, the national environment was still …

economic agents, competition policies are usually included in the legal framework that regulates economic activities. Portugal …

detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …

Spain's financial position during the late 19th and early 20th century has usually been presented as one of persistent …

institutional and macroeconomic features as the ultimate explanations of Spain's post-war growth performance. The following main … relative stagnation of the transition from Franco's dictatorship to democracy (1975-85), which ended with Spain's membership of …