convergence. From the Russian crisis in 1998 to the great recession in 2009 Estonia gained an impressive 20% in GDP per capita … relative to the EU27 average in PPPs. Like the other Baltic economies, however, a considerable part of earlier convergence … less affected by the crisis and have been able to maintain most of their convergence gains. Moreover, prior to the …

convergence and short term dynamics to vary across countries. While there are indeed good reasons to believe in common long … direct investment, the theoretical models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries …, standard dynamic fixed effect specifications, by imposing cross-country homogeneity restrictions on speed of convergence and …