this cost by providing sons and parents with a liquid transfer that eases constraints on income sharing. To test this … transfers of dowry to a man's parents are common but far from universal. Consistent with using dowry for income sharing … traditional elderly support structures, where sons live near their parents and care for them in their old age. Dowry can attenuate …

markets with several public and private schools are now pervasive in low- and middle-income countries, prudent policy requires …

; compounded over 5 years of primary schooling, this difference is similar in size to the test score gap between low- and high-income … countries. Second, students learn more in private schools (0.15 sd per year on average), but substantial within-sector variation … in quality means that the effects of reallocating students from public to private schools can range from -0.35sd to +0 …