employment-population ratio of natives to test for crowding out at the national level. Third, we analyze occupational upgrading … calculate a positive employment rate effect for most native workers. Even simulations for the most recent 2019-2022 period … suggest small positive effects on wages of non-college natives and no significant crowding out effects on employment …

employment, STEM Master students have had significant transition rates around 0.2, especially after the 2008 reform of Optional …

skilled labor but brought limited or ambiguous effects to their employment levels …