Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We …

needs, money on hand, use of friends and family for assistance, and employment) of families and children with very low …. We find some evidence that the credit reduced medical hardships, reduced reliance on friends and family for food, and …

family. Our estimates reveal that a one standard deviation increase in mother's birth weight (535 grams) translates into a 0 …

focuses on the labor supply responses of parents and the role of income, parenting skills, and early education as family … studies reveal about its impacts on family investment mechanisms and children's outcomes. We specifically highlight gaps in …