Togo's risk of external debt distress continues to be moderate with heightened overall risk of debt distress-unchanged from the previous Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) published in April 2017. Alternative scenarios and stress tests suggest, however, that external public debt could accumulate...

The DSA concludes that Tuvalu remains at a high risk of debt distress, in line with the 2016 DSA conclusion. External debt has breached several thresholds as of 2017, including for the present value of debt-to-GDP. Risks to debt sustainability remain high due to elevated current spending, a...

We contribute to the intense debate on the real effects of fiscal stimuli by showing that the impact of government expenditure shocks depends crucially on key country characteristics, such as the level of development, exchange rate regime, openness to trade, and public indebtedness. Based on a...