immigration will be largest immediately upon the immigrants' arrival, and may become smaller as the labor market adjusts to the … supply shock. Conversely, if immigrants upon arrival are poor substitutes for natives, the initial effect of immigration is …

We investigate the labor market effects of immigration in Denmark, Germany and the UK, three countries which are … shocks, and, hence, the labor market effects of immigration. We employ a wage-setting approach which assumes that wages … decline with the unemployment rate, albeit imperfectly. We find that the wage and employment effects of immigration depend on …