important benefits and is the responsibility of a central bank. Achieving price stability in a complex and uncertain environment … involves a credible commitment to a nominal anchor with a strong response to inflation and pre-emptive leaning against an … overheating economy. Associated challenges imply that central bank communication and transparency are key elements of monetary …

whether the central bank chooses to buy domestic or foreign assets, thus resulting in transfers either within or between … compensates for losses (the structure of indemnification agreements). Data from the Federal Reserve, the Eurosystem, and the Bank … of England show that maximum annual losses are between 0.3 and 1.5 percent of GDP. By contrast, the Swiss National Bank …

central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency …

The European Central Bank is unique in setting monetary policy for several sovereign states with heterogeneous debt … on one particular aspect of that nexus, the effect the reliability of the European Central Bank's monetary policy on … Euro Area countries. For comparison we also estimate the fiscal consequences of the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England …

Because of secrecy, little is known about the political economy of central bank lending. Utilizing a novel, hand … unprecedented government bailout of the central bank, and resulted in loss of shareholder control over the central bank …