across geography. First, medical R&D has a self-limiting effect. Contemporary innovation discourages trial participation and … slows down development necessary for future innovation. Thus, medical R&D suffers increasing costs over time, driven by …, affect the returns to innovation, not only by altering the firm's variable profits, but also by increasing the length and …

"Research on the effects of patent protection on innovation and technology transfer in the cross-country pharmaceutical … industry adds to our understanding of the underlying forces driving a country's innovation level. Qian (2007) constructs a … not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts and citation-weighted) and …