By 2050, two-thirds of the planet's population will live in urban centers, and nearly 90 percentof the 2.5 billion new urban dwellers will live in Africa and Asia. The world's urban areas wereresponsible for around 70 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013, and that numbercould grow...

This retrospective examines how the World Bank's strategic use of climate-related trust funds has enabled it to play an outsized role in catalyzing climate action worldwide for nearly 30 years. By looking back at the history of climate and carbon finance, with a focus on the pioneering role of...

Digitalization is increasing rapidly worldwide, requiring more energy, and resulting in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) two thirds of the world's population are now online. Estimates of the internet and communication technology (ICT)...

The Carbon Fund of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) is set up to pilot performance-based payment systems for emission reductions generated from REDD+ efforts in developing countries. The piloting efforts include setting a good practice benchmark for robust carbon quantification that...

This paper presents first concepts and insights on an International Carbon Asset Reserve. In particular, it explores how different design options can support a range of networked carbon pricing efforts. The report provides an overview of key risks in carbon markets, highlights the benefits of...

This report was prepared by Investment Climate Facility (ICF) international with direction from World Bank's Montreal protocol unit and the project team. While Montreal protocol has achieved remarkable success in reducing production and consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) worldwide,...

This paper considers the regulatory frameworkthat is required to be put in place in order to support theestablishment of carbon market linkages, in particular,in light of the bottom-up approach contemplated by theParis Agreement. Section two describes the key purpose ofthe paper and details the...

The World Bank's Networked Carbon Markets (NCM) initiative is collaboratively exploring the post-2020tools, services and institutions needed to enhance the transparency, comparability, and fungibility of heterogeneous climate actions, for a connectedinternational carbon market. The cost and...

The objective of this paper is to examine the possible relationships between climate clubs and systems and services developed to enable the smooth functioning of Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs), linked pairs of ETSs and networks of ETSs coming together in various formations that can be...