"The history of innovation in the chemical industry offers many insights for accelerating energy innovation. In this … chapter, we begin by laying out the early history of the chemical industry for an overview of the role innovation has played … coal to oil, and briefly analyze two government programs that have attempted to promote innovation: synthetic rubber and …

"Research on the effects of patent protection on innovation and technology transfer in the cross-country pharmaceutical … industry adds to our understanding of the underlying forces driving a country's innovation level. Qian (2007) constructs a … not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts and citation-weighted) and …