Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report examines the potential investment costs of such an adaptation strategy applied globally over...

Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of the rural population who live within 2...

This paper presents the details of three scenarios-leapfrog, lock-in, and lopsided-that describe an illustrative set of technological states. Based largely on expert interviews, the paper argues that the technology outcomes are heavily attributable to the actions (or in some cases, inaction) of...

Der Klimawandel erfordert nicht nur Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von klimawirksamen Gasen, sondern auch zur Anpassung an bereits entstandene Schäden. Dabei kann sowohl die Bereitstellung von Anpassung als auch von Vermeidung ineffizient sein. Zudem beeinflussen sich die beiden Maßnahmenpakete...

Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus on spending more and toward a focus on spending better on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does so by...

In 2005, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, 2005) provided the first comprehensive report on global ecosystems, the dependence of human societies on the services provided, current state, and likely future trajectory. The MA identified the failure to value ecosystem services as a major...

The World Bank Group (WBG) has focused on reducing the environmental impacts of its internal operations and improving corporate environmental practices since 2002, when the WBG President announced WBG's commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The objective of this document is to...

This study seeks to identify potential sources of co-financing to meet the additional costs of energy efficiency (EE) and climate mitigation benefits associated with the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) phase-out supported by the Multilateral fund of the montreal protocol (MLF). As it stands, the...