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This chapter highlights key shortcomings and failures of Europe's Economic and Monetary Union - essentially the most advanced case of regional integration in the world, inspiring numerous other initiatives including among developing countries, but fatally flawed and limited. The European...
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This chapter looks into the impact of EU membership on the carbon intensity of EU11 economies since joining the EU. EU … membership boosted foreign trade and FDI, leading to a rapid re-industrialization of EU11 and making them the fastest converging … group of upper-middle-income countries in the world. Nevertheless, EU11 economies maintained their previously established …
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currency and is currently in the so-called Eurozone's "waiting room". Usually, before the accession of some EU member state to …
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Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) is part of post-Keynesian economics that summarize the money creation process as "loans create deposits" (banks) and "deposits create reserves" (central bank). MMT is distinguished from other approaches to macroeconomics because it synthesizes several traditions from...
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