This chapter highlights key shortcomings and failures of Europe's Economic and Monetary Union - essentially the most advanced case of regional integration in the world, inspiring numerous other initiatives including among developing countries, but fatally flawed and limited. The European...

Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) is part of post-Keynesian economics that summarize the money creation process as "loans create deposits" (banks) and "deposits create reserves" (central bank). MMT is distinguished from other approaches to macroeconomics because it synthesizes several traditions from...

The economic crisis triggered by the COVID–19 pandemic once again raises doubts about the eurozone's ability to deal with joint economic problems given its dissimilar dynamics and asymmetries. This chapter contributes to a paradigm shift in the governance of the euro area towards a more...