: Employment Outcome and Mobility -- Part III: Human Resources in Science and Technology and Their Professional Carrers -- Part IV … employment patterns, career paths and mobility of PhDs in selected countries, the book analyzes various data sources such as …

employment-population ratio of natives to test for crowding out at the national level. Third, we analyze occupational upgrading … calculate a positive employment rate effect for most native workers. Even simulations for the most recent 2019-2022 period … suggest small positive effects on wages of non-college natives and no significant crowding out effects on employment …